Iran and Saudi Arabia are stoking the denominational conflict between Sunnis and Shiites. Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. [160] God has taken Abraham as a friend ( ḫalīl ) and talked to Moses directly. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the behaviour of Muhammad. Thus, wherever can be found Hanafi followers, there can be found the Maturidi creed.[89][90]. [23] Acccording to Josef van Ess this term did not mean more than "honorable and righteous believing people". Support for this view is also found in the Qur'an, according to Sunnis. Sunnis in the special sense are only the "people of the hadith" (ahl al-ḥadīṯ). Numerous religious figures from Egypt, India, Syria, Yemen and the Russian Federation took part, including Ahmed el-Tayeb, the Grand Imam the Azhar, and Sheikh Aboobacker Ahmed, the Grand Mufti of India who is a member of the Barelvi movement. [108] According to this classification, the Sufis are one of a total of eight groups within Sunnism, defined according to their religious specialization. [156] Ibn Taimīya explains that the Koran originated from God and will return (sc. [45] Thus at-Tahāwī explains that jama is considered as true or right (ḥaqq wa-ṣawāb) and furqa as aberration and punishment (zaiġ wa-ʿaḏāb). Term. Sunni, Arabic Sunnī, member of one of the two major branches of Islam, the branch that consists of the majority of that religion’s adherents. God has also blessed him in his life beyond and in this world. [98] In the modern era it has had a disproportionate impact on Islamic theology, having been appropriated by Wahhabi and other traditionalist Salafi currents and spread well beyond the confines of the Hanbali school of law. [162] God has given people the act of obedience ( ṭāʿa ) and opposition ( maʿṣiya ) forbidden. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Total Cards. History. [100] Finally, there were also scholars who regarded the Ashʿarites alone as Sunnis. Of the over 1.5 billion Muslims in the world, around 85 percent of them are a sect called Sunni and 15 percent of them are a sect called Shia. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam",[8][9][10] though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate.[11]. Learn. However, only those "people of the Hadith" are assigned to Sunnism who practice "tafwīḍ", i.e. Later generations sought out oral traditions regarding the early history of Islam, and the practices of Muhammad and his first followers, and wrote them down so that they might be preserved. While conflict between the schools was often violent in the past,[121] the four Sunni schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.[124][125]. [186], According to at-Tahāwī's creed, however, this only applies to the serious sinners from Muhammad's Ummah: They are in hell, but not forever if they were monotheists at the time of death. Source for distribution is the CIA World Factbook, Shiite/Sunnite distribution collected from other sources. In his heresiographical work al-Farq baina l-firaq he divided the Sunnis into eight different categories ( aṣnāf ) of people: 1. the theologians and Kalam Scholars, 2. the Fiqh scholars, 3. the traditional and Hadith scholars, 4. the Adab and language scholars, 5. the Koran - Scholars, 6. the Sufi ascetics ( az-zuhhād aṣ-ṣūfīya ), 7. those who perform the ribat and jihad against the enemies of Islam, 8. the general crowd. Shia Islam Origin. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... How much do you know about the Prophet Muhammad? who refrain from interpreting the ambiguous statements of the Quran. History. [36], Abu l-Hasan al-Ashari used the expression ahl as-sunna wal-jama rarely,[37] and preferred another combination. Sunni Islam (/ˈsuːni, ˈsʊni/) is by far the largest branch of Islam, followed by 90% of the world's Muslims. [173] The souls are brought back into the body, the people rise from their graves, barefoot, naked and uncircumcised. [226] An example is the Saudi scholar Muhammad Ibn al-ʿUthaimīn, who in his 2001 published commentary on Aqīda Wāsiṭīya by Ibn Taimiyya expressed the opinion that Ash Aarites and Māturīdites would not count among the Sunnis, because their doctrine of attributes would be in contrast to the doctrine of the Prophet and his companions. A disciple of Masrūq, the scholar ash-Shaʿbī (d. between 721 und 729), who first sided with the Shia in Kufa during Civil War, but turned away in disgust by their fanatism and finally decided to join the umayyadic Caliph ʿAbd al-Malik, popularized the concept of sunnah. From this he deduced that those who called other Muslims to obey the Salafi madhhab, were promoting a madhhab which did not even exist. Learn. ... Umar conquered more than 2,200,000 km² area in less than ten years and is known as the most powerful caliph in the history of Islam. [129], To absolve God of all anthropomorphism, the Qur'anic statements that "God sat on the throne" (istawā ʿalā l-ʿarš; Surah 7:54; 20: 5) receive a lot of the Sunni creeds attention. Corrections? [211], The Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), follows the religious policy of the Ottoman Empire, providing a Sunni interpretation of Islam. 12th Grade. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 7, Muʾtamar bi-l-Kuwait raddan ʿalā Ġurūznī as-salaf hum as-sunna... wa-lā li-ṯ-ṯaurāt, Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭaiyib: al-Azhar barīʾ min muʾtamar aš-Šīšān.. wa-s-Salafīyūn min ahl as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa, Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship, Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī, Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām, Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī, Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī, List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam, Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī, Mirqat al Mafatih Sharh Mishkat al-masabih, Muqaddimah ibn al-Salah fi 'Ulum al-Hadith, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunni_Islam&oldid=1011401497, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The people of theory and the intellectual trade (, the two creeds of Abu l-Hasan al-Ashʿarī in his works, the confession of the Egyptian Hanafi at-Tahāwī (d. 933), also known under the title, Belief in Resurrection after Death and the Day of Judgment. Sunni definition is - the Muslims of the branch of Islam that adheres to the orthodox tradition and acknowledges the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad. Native Americans Colonial America The American Revolution The American Civil War Westward Expansion The Great Depression Civil Rights Movement United States Government US History Pre-1900s US History 1900s to Present. The Sunni branch is by far the largest denomination of Islam and represents 89-90% of all followers, they are located all over the world. Er kommt bei ihm nur einmal vor, nämlich al-Ašʿarī: Brodersen: „Sunnitische Identitätssuche im Transoxanien des 5./11. Sunnis believe the companions of Muhammad to be reliable transmitters of Islam, since God and Muhammad accepted their integrity. [201] The Sunnis do not speak to any of the people who pray to the Kaaba, to paradise or hell,[203] because of a good deed or a sin he has committed. Later Sunni scholars also present the Sunnis as the center of Muslim community. [140] God is creator, but has no needs. [60], The fall, at the end of World War I of the Ottoman Empire, the biggest Sunni empire for six centuries, brought the caliphate to an end. A.P World History Chapter 12-16. [153], Another point of belief are the "signs of the hour" (ašrāṭ as-sāʿa) that precede the day of resurrection. Ethics on the other hand, do not need prophecy or revelation, but can be understood by reason alone. Jahrhunderts.“ 2019, S. 347. They recognize the heirs of the four caliphs as legitimate religious leaders. Those of the believers who have no advocate will be brought out of hell by the grace of God. [13] During the Umayyad Caliphate several political movements, among them the Shia and the Kharijites, who rebelled against the formation of the state led their battles in the name of "the book of God and the Sunna of his Prophet". The distribution as of 2005. [73] Modern trends of Islamic interpretation are usually seen as adjusting to a modern audience and purifying Islam from alleged alterings, some of which are believed to be intentional corruptions brought into Islam to undermine and corrupt its message.[72]. Abschlussdokument der Grosny-Konferenz von 2016, for example: Halm: „Der Wesir al-Kundurī und die Fitna von Nišāpūr“. But when the fitna started, one said: 'Name us your informants'. Two or three sons or other relatives of the dying caliph emerged as candidates to the throne, each supported by his own party of supporters. [112] All these orders were founded by a major Sunni Islamic saint, and some of the largest and most widespread included the Qadiriyya (after Abdul-Qadir Gilani [d. 1166]), the Rifa'iyya (after Ahmed al-Rifa'i [d. 1182]), the Chishtiyya (after Moinuddin Chishti [d. 1236]), the Shadiliyya (after Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili [d. 1258]), and the Naqshbandiyya (after Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari [d. [36] During this time, the term has been used as a self-designation by the hanafite Maturidites in Transoxiania, used frequently by Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 983), Abu Schakur as Salimi (d. 1086) and al-Bazdawi himself. [227], The accusation by some Wahhabis that the Ashʿarites were not Sunnis was subject of a fatwa by the "Egyptian Fatwa Office" in July 2013. While one school may see a certain act as a religious obligation, another may see the same act as optional. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [198] God has always known the number of those who go to paradise and the number of those who go to hell. He has designated some out of generosity (faḍlan) for paradise, the others out of justice (ʿadlan) for hell. [180], As for the way of seeing God, al-Ash Aari and Ibn Taimiyah emphasized its visual characteristics. [145] Rather, they teach that there are correlating attributes ( ṣifāt ) which exist in each of the names of God mentioned in the Quran: God is alive through life ( ḥayāh ), knowing through knowledge (ʿilm), mighty through power (ʿqudra), wanting through will (irāda), hearing through hearing (samʿ), seeing through sight (baṣar) and speaking through Speech (kalām). [162] The believer will answer to this test: "God is my Lord, Islam is my religion and Mohammed is my prophet." As a pair, these terms already appear in the 9th Century. [177], There are, however, differing views among Sunni scholars about the timing and type of the divine vision. The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan Banu Umayya, including Marwān and Walid bin Uqba on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil resulting in his murder and the ensuing infighting during Ali's time and rebellion by Muāwiya, another of Uthman's kinsman. This article provides a description of Sufism and information about its history and practice. Abbas' books served as the theological basis for anti-Salafist campaigns in Aceh in 2014. [110], However, there were also Muslim scholars who wanted to exclude the Sufis from Sunnism. [17] It was later popularized by pan-Islamic thinkers such as Rashid Rida in his treatise as-Sunna wa-š-šiʿa au al-Wahhābīya wa-r-Rāfiḍa: Ḥaqāʾiq dīnīya taʾrīḫīya iǧtimaʿīya iṣlaḥīya „Sunna and Schia, oder Wahhabism and Rāfiditsm: religious history, sociological und reformoriented facts“) pusblished 1928/29. 103/1961 über die Neuordnung der Azhar und Gremien, die sie umfasst Art. Cf. There is broad agreement that the Sufis are also part of Sunnism. Spell. [197] God created paradise and hell above all else; then he created the people who are worthy of them. Major Caliphates. The pen she wrote is the first thing God created. Since the early modern period, is the idea that a total of three groups belong to the Sunnis: 1. those named after Abu l-Hasan al-Aschʿari (d. 935) Ashʿarites, 2. those named after Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 941) named Maturidites and 3. a differently named third group, which is traditionalistic-oriented and rejects the rational discourse of Kalām advocated by the Maturidites and Ashʿarites. Sunnis believe the companions of Muhammad to be reliable transmitters of Islam, since God and Muhammad accepted their integrity. [86] In contrast to the traditionalistic approach, Maturidism allows to reject hadiths based on reason alone. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a well-educated person to lead the service, known as a Khateeb (one who speaks). "Sunni" in Arabic means "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet." [142] According to al-Ashʿari, the Sunnis confess that God is on his throne, but without asking how. His is mentioned in the Sahih of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj quoted with: "Formerly one did not aksed about the Isnad. [35] According to the testimony of the transoxanian scholar Abu l-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 1099) the Kullabites (followers of the Basrian scholar ibn Kullab (d. 855)) dayed about themselves, taht they are among the ahl as-sunna wal-jama too. He responded the following: „The one who, when the heresies are mentioned, doesn't get excited about any of them.“[28] The andalisian scholar ibn Hazm (d. 1064) taught later, that whose who confess to Islam can be divided into four groups: ahl as-sunna, Mutazilites, Murdschiiten, Schiiten und Charidschiten. In its fatwa, the office rejected this accusation, affirming that the Ashʿarites still represented the "multitude of scholars" (jumhūr al-ʿulamāʾ), and stressed out that it they were the ones who in the past rejected the arguments of the Atheists (šubuhāt al-malāḥida). 14. [129] In contrast to his creation, God has a timeless nature. [162] The Sunnis do not differentiate between the messengers of God, (By rejecting some of them), but consider everything they have brought to be true. The vast majority of the Muslims in the world are Sunni, amounting to as much as 85% of the religion’s adherents. God is a single (fard) God, besides whom there is no other deity. Create your own flash cards! The Sunni, on the other hand, loves ʿAlī in high esteem and is thus in the balanced middle ( al-wasaṭ allaḏī huwa al-qisṭ ). Sunni Muslims accept the hadith collections of Bukhari and Muslim as the most authentic (sahih), and while accepting all hadiths verified as authentic, grant a slightly lesser status to the collections of other recorders. [221], Since the second half of the 20th century, there have been fierce clashes within the Sunni camps between Ashʿarites on the one hand and Salafis/Wahhabis on the other, who exclude each other from Sunnism. [33] Al-Jubba'i (d. 916) tells in his Kitāb al-Maqālāt, that Ahmad ibn Hanbal attributed to his students the predicate sunnī jama („Jammatic Sunnite“). Emerges directly after the death of Muhammed. [153] But humans, jinn, angels and devils are all created by the power of God and bound to his will. Sunni Muslims regard their denomination as the mainstream and traditionalist branch of Islam—as distinguished from the minority denomination, the Shiʿah. AP World History. At the end of times) too. Definition of Muslim . The doubter, on the other hand, will answer: "Oh dear, I don't know. The Arabic language is a wide language in which one word can have 15 different meanings, so the Ash'aris endeavor to find the meaning that best befits God and is not contradicted by the Quran. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines.[51]. In contrast to the Shiʿah, the Sunnis have long conceived of the polity established by Muhammad at Medina as an earthly, temporal dominion and have thus regarded the leadership of Islam as being determined not by divine order or inspiration but by the prevailing political realities of the Muslim world. ‘The modern regional divisions of Shia, Sunni, and Kurd correspond roughly to ancient Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria, different lands and peoples who over time created a common culture.’ ‘The idea is one which every Iraqi seems keen to endorse, though each has his own idea of what democracy means, depending on whether he is a Shia, Kurd or Sunni.’ Created. Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). ... IS AP World History Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Traditionalist theology emerged among scholars of hadith who eventually coalesced into a movement called ahl al-hadith under the leadership of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Medieval sources even prohibit cursing or vilifying them. Article 32b, paragraph 7 of the Egyptian Azhar Law of 1961 stipulates that the Azhar "follows the path of the Sunnis" (manhaǧ ahl as-sunna wa-l-jamāʿa), Umma has agreed to the foundations of the religion and applications of fiqh, with its four disciplines. Test. What happens to them lies within God: if he wants, he forgives them through his grace (faḍl), and if he wants, he punishes them in his justice (ʿadl) and then brings them through His mercy (raḥma) and through the intercession of those who obey him out of hell and make them enter the Paradise Garden. [100], The rivalry between Ashʿarīyya and Salafiyya became visible again at the two Sunni conferences in 2016, which were directed against the terror of the IS organization. [97], While Ash'arism and Maturidism are often called the Sunni "orthodoxy", traditionalist theology has thrived alongside it, laying rival claims to be the orthodox Sunni faith. [156], According to Sunni doctrine, people are questioned in their graves by Munkar and Nakir after death. Regarding the nature of God and the divine attributes, the Ash'ari rejected the Mu'tazili position that all Quranic references to God as having real attributes were metaphorical. Updates? [162] He is God's chosen servant (ʿabd), Messenger, the Imam of the godly ( imām al-atqiyāʾ ) and the beloved of the Lord of the Worlds (ḥabīb rabb al-ʿālamīn). When the expression 'ahl as-sunna wal-jama' appeared for the first time, is not entirely clear. From the earliest civilizations to the modern world, geography, religion, trade, and politics have bound peoples and nations together — and torn them apart. Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at … ", Haddad, Fanar. It is recorded by Masrūq ibn al-Adschdaʿ (d. 683), who was a mufti in Kufa, that he regarded love towards the first two Caliphs Abū Bakr and ʿUmar ibn al-Chattāb and acknowledge their priority (Fadā'il). ", Nuruzzaman, Mohammed. The conference was chaired by Ahmad ibn Murabit, Grand Mufti of Mauritania. How about holy cities? [82] Another used for the traditionalist-oriented group is "people of Hadith" (ahl al-ḥadīṯ). The creed of al-Qādir emphasizes that God did not set himself up on the throne (ʿarš) "in the manner of the rest of the creatures" and that he created this throne, although he did not need it. They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, and believe that their realities should be consigned to God alone (tafwid). Additionally, classical Sunni Islam also outlined numerous other cardinal doctrines from the eighth-century onwards, such as the Creed of Tahāwi. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law (sharia) or Islamic theology (Kalām). The Quran, together with hadith (especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah) and binding juristic consensus, form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. This resulted in Sunni protests in far off places including the Khilafat Movement in India, which was later on upon gaining independence from Britain divided into Sunni dominated Pakistan and secular India. [104], The Muʿtazilites are usually not regarded as Sunnis. A majority of Sunni jurists accordingly came to articulate the position that the caliph must be a member of Muhammad’s tribe, the Quraysh, but devised a theory of election that was flexible enough to permit that allegiance be given to the de facto caliph, whatever his origins. Furthermore he connects it with the principle of Ijma, a third juridical source after the Book (= Quran), and the Sunnah. Therefore, narrativeso… However, these differences are not so great that they consider each other to have strayed from the right path.[216]. Gravity. "[20] G.H.A. The Yemeni scholar ʿAbbās ibn Mansūr as-Saksakī (d. 1284) explained in his doxographic work al-Burhān fī maʿrifat ʿaqāʾid ahl al-adyān ("The evidence of knowledge of the beliefs of followers of different religions") about the Sufis: "They associate themselves with the Sunnis, but they do not belong to them, because they contradict them in their beliefs, actions and teachings." the Milky Way), and his son Ce Acatl Topiltzin (One Reed Sacrificer, born in either 935 or 947 CE) would go on to gain fame as a great ruler and acquire the name o… But if they are people of the Innovations, the hadith was rejected. [15] It is also passed down by asch-Schaʿbī, that he took offensive at the hatred on ʿĀʾiša bint Abī Bakr and considered it a violation of the sunnah. 08/20/2008. Definitions. Write. [83], In the eleventh-century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic piety, began to be "ordered and crystallized"[112] into orders which have continued until the present day. [65][66][67], The sequence of events of the 20th century has led to resentment in some quarters of the Sunni community due to the loss of pre-eminence in several previously Sunni-dominated regions such as the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Balkans, the North Caucasus and the Indian sub continent. [193] Everything that was written on it in ancient times is immutable. [25] They used the term as a contrast from their enemies[39] among them Hanafites in the West, who have been followers of the Mutazilites. It is more influenced by Persian interpretations of Islam and less on the traditions established within Arabian culture. Just in some special occusations God unveils them for individual humans. Ed. This number is neither increased nor decreased. Islam: History, Beliefs, And Modern Significance Thousands of pilgrims descend upon Masjid al-Haram, the Grand Sacred Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, as part of their hajj. [215] The Sunnis have the idea that they are this “saved sect” (“firqa nā niya”). [151], Unlike the Mutazilites and the Jahmites,[152] the Sunnis believe that Satan whispers doubts to humans and hits them, as the Quran states. The Ash'aris insisted that these attributes were as they "best befit His Majesty". [181] According to al-Ghazālī's creed the pious in the hereafter see the essence of God without substance and accidents. The Arabic term sufi has been used in Islamic literature with a wide range of meanings, by both proponents and opponents of Sufism. Introduction Sunni and Shi'a Mosaic tiled columns in a mosque ©. The most obvious miracle, however, is the Quran with its inimitability. It is not the throne that carries God, but the throne and its bearers are carried through the grace of his power. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. Members of the two sects have co-existed for centuries and share many fundamental beliefs and practices. [22], The term ahl as-sunna was always a laudatory designation. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Qur'an. After he was murdered his followers immediately elected Hasan ibn Ali his elder son from Fātima to succeed him. [41], According to Schams ad-Dīn al-Maqdisī (end of the 10the Century) was the expression ahl as-sunna wal-jama a laudatory term during his time, similar to ahl al-ʿadl wa-t-tauḥīd („people of righteousness and Divine Unity“), which was used for Mutazilites or generally designations like Mu'minūn („Believer“) oder aṣḥāb al-hudā („people of guidance“) for Muslims, who has been seen as rightoues believers. Subsequently, Hasan was poisoned to death and Muawiya enjoyed unchallenged power. Examples of these collections include: One of the most important teaching institutions of Sunni Islam worldwide is the Azhar in Egypt. Rather, it came from God in an unexplained way as a word ( qaul ). Accordingly the Prophet went on a nocturnal journey during which his person was transported to heaven while awake and from there to heights, "which God has chosen". Such interpretations are popular among many commentators. 1843, p. 25, al-As Aarī: `` Kitāb Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Mustafa Kabha und Haggai Erlich: „Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam“ in. For the Maturidiyya he gives Nasafīya as a possible alternative name. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. His caravan was cordoned by Yazid's army at Karbalā and he was killed with all his male companions – total 72 people, in a day long battle after which Yazid established himself as a sovereign, though strong public uprising erupted after his death against his dynasty to avenge the massacre of Karbalā, but Banu Umayya were able to quickly suppress them all and ruled the Muslim world, till they were finally overthrown by Banu Abbās. Many traditional scholars saw Sunni Islam in two groups: Ahl al-Ra'i, or "people of reason", due to their emphasis on scholarly judgment and discourse; and Ahl al-Hadith, or "people of traditions", due to their emphasis on restricting juristic thought to only what is found in scripture. Who is your prophet?” They are the two inspectors of the grave and the their questioning is the first test ( fitna ) of humans after death. Both sides are attempting to exploit an inner-Islamic conflict that has been raging for more than 1,300 years. Subject. This theological school of Aqeedah was embraced by many Muslim scholars and developed in parts of the Islamic world throughout history; al-Ghazali wrote on the creed discussing it and agreeing upon some of its principles.[84]. Dhuhri: „The Text of Conservatism“. ... History of revelation and conquest The great majority of the world's more than 1.5 billion Muslims are Sunnis - estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. (See photos of a bomb attack in Baghdad.) God commanded him to write down what will be until the day of resurrection. In Indonesia, the Ashʿarite scholar Sirajuddin Abbas (d. 1980) wrote several books in the 1960s in which he explicitly excluded the Ahl as-salaf from Sunnism. [14] During the second Civil War (680–92) the Sunna-term received an anti-shia connotation. It is said Mālik al-Aschtar, a famous follower of ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib, encouraged during the battle of Siffin with the expression, Ali's enemy Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān kills the sunna. No Archangel and no prophet is informed of this. [138] He has neither taken a companion nor children,[137] neither conceived nor is he conceived. Despite these general stages, however, the history of Islamic mysticism is largely a history of individual mystic experience. [155] Anyone who takes this teaching is an regarded as an unbeliever. Hussein continued to terrorize the Kurdish and Shiite populations as the … Kutub al-Sittah are six books containing collections of hadiths. The leaves with good deeds (ḥasanāt) are thrown in a beautiful shape into the scales of light and weigh down the scales by the grace (faḍl) of God, the leaves with bad deeds ( saiyiʾāt ) are thrown into the scales of darkness in an ugly form and reduce the weight of the scales through the justice (ʿadl) of God.
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